知道吗？今天是第49个国际民防日
<!----><style type="text/css">html{font-size:375%}</style><link href="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/static/publish/css/style.css?v=1605251010481" rel="stylesheet" position="1" data-qf-origin="/static/publish/css/style.css?v=1605251010481"><div class="preview_article "> <!----> <p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_FqzCe2fiOor-uqdbmsFx0Olf8fx9.1614606495.png?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="750" height="1181" data-qf-origin="front2_0_FqzCe2fiOor-uqdbmsFx0Olf8fx9.1614606495.png?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p> </p><p>3月1日是国际民防组织确定的“国际民防日”。“国际民防日”是国际民防组织统一确定的，设立世界民防日的目的是为了加强公众对国际民防组织任务的认识：即保护生命，财产和环境。通过开展宣传防空防灾、公共安全和民防知识，增强民众公共安全意识，提高应对各种突发事件的能力，为构建和谐社会创造良好的社会安全环境。</p><p>1992年，我国加入国际民防组织，成为国际民防组织的成员国。截至目前，国际民防组织已有58个成员国，16个观察员国家以及22个附属会员。</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>国际民防组织标志</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>图片</p><p class="empty_paragraph"> </p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_FvEjEUNDcMlXni8oIJPk3CvMayCw.1614606507.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="1280" height="712" data-qf-origin="front2_0_FvEjEUNDcMlXni8oIJPk3CvMayCw.1614606507.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>国际民防组织最初为非政府组织，到1972年改变为由各国政府参加的国际民防组织，1977年"重申与发展研究国际人道主义法应用于武装冲突的外交会议"在日内瓦公约的附加协议1中明确了民防的作用，并承认民防组织是一个人道主义的机构。官方的国际民防组织的标志是由绿橄榄枝构成的橙色全球的蓝色三角形。橙色全球上的等边蓝色三角形，表示国际民防组织用于保护民防组织、其人员、建筑物、物资以及作为民用避难所。绿色的橄榄枝象征和平。</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>什么是民防</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>民防是民事防护的简称，是政府动员和组织群众，采取防空袭、抗灾救灾措施，实施救援行动，防范和减轻灾害危害的活动。民防功能的范围除了应对战争灾害外，还包括应对和平时期的自然灾害和突发事故。</p><p> </p><p>图片</p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_FoYnX5bqVYwz3jtDm5Skt8dt6oAn.1614606517.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="543" height="546" data-qf-origin="front2_0_FoYnX5bqVYwz3jtDm5Skt8dt6oAn.1614606517.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>中国人民防空标志</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>图片</p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_FqzZ3HH5yBx9fn4JdR74chSKfyiK.1614606529.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="1000" height="600" data-qf-origin="front2_0_FqzZ3HH5yBx9fn4JdR74chSKfyiK.1614606529.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p class="empty_paragraph"> </p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_FqVsM6U6tuPiFvab21uz1Y11ITK9.1614606529.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="1024" height="1024" data-qf-origin="front2_0_FqVsM6U6tuPiFvab21uz1Y11ITK9.1614606529.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>中国人民防空标志由文字和图案两部分构成，其基本含义是中国人民防空。文字“CCAD”是Chinese civil air defence(中国人民防空)的英文缩写。长城象征中华人民共和国，并寓意人民防空是国防的重要组成部分，是中国的地下长城。蓝色三角图形和橙色背景为日内瓦公约第一附加议定书确定的民防国际通用标志的主体，象征中国人民防空与国际民防接轨。图案的金黄色框为人民防空工程图形，象征人民防空的基本手段、任务和宗旨，即人民防空通过采用工程掩蔽等防护措施，防范和减轻空袭及灾害的危害，保护人民生命和财产安全。绿色橄榄枝象征和平与安宁。</p><p>战后国际民防发展特点</p><p> </p><p>二次世界大战结束后，特别是80年代以来，世界上越来越多的国家认识到，民防既是国防的重要组成部分，是遏制战争，保护国家和人民生命安全的屏障，也是国家经济建设和城市建设的有机组成部分，能够为经济和社会发展做出贡献。总起来看，当前世界各国对民防工作都十分重视，其发展大致呈现出以下七大特点。</p><p> </p><p>把民防建设置于重要的战略地位</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>世界各主要国家认为，民防是“现代战争条件下求得生存的重要战略措施”，是“战时的决定性战略因素”和“有效的威慑力量”，是国家战略的重要组成部分。前苏联强调，民防是保卫国家安全的最重要战略措施，它直接影响着对抗双方力量的相互关系，影响着战时优势的获得和战争的结局；美国则认为，核时代威胁的可靠性不仅取决于国家的战略进攻能力，而且取决于保存自己的能力；西欧诸国虽然依靠美国的核保护伞和北约联盟的集体防护，但仍按“军民兼顾”的总体防御战略积极发展民防；瑞士和瑞典虽长期处于和平环境，但始终把民防与军事防御、心理防御、经济防御视为总体防御的重要组成部分，从战略高度给予足够的关注和重视。</p><p>图片</p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_Fp6drW0AK2R4gDat792_4kp7zhXd.1614606565.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="606" height="296" data-qf-origin="front2_0_Fp6drW0AK2R4gDat792_4kp7zhXd.1614606565.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p> </p><p>不断加大对民防建设的经费投入</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>国外不少专家通过分析认为：用在民防建设上的费用比花在战略军事系统上的经费更有价值，加上民防具有战时防空平时抗灾等双重功能，因此，不少国家在经费投入上十分舍得。如1982年，美国为了到1985年能将民防应急疏散计划的生存率增至80%，共投入26.4亿美元用于该计划的实施。即便是现在，美国每年投入民防的经费亦在8-10亿美元；前苏联自60年代至解体前的20多年间，每年用于民防建设的经费在10-20亿美元。英国近几年来用于民防的经费几乎增加了1倍。瑞士在1971-2000年的29年中，计划用于民防的经费为30亿美元，平均每年高达1.05亿美元。德国、瑞典、芬兰等国的年度民防经费也在1亿美元以上，其中芬兰的民防经费占到国防开支的20%。</p><p> </p><p>图片</p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_FtLfk4AljmFq3VY7PBIXrdJ3KUjO.1614606572.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="598" height="369" data-qf-origin="front2_0_FtLfk4AljmFq3VY7PBIXrdJ3KUjO.1614606572.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>重视民防立法执法工作</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>早在30、40年代，英国、丹麦、比利时、瑞典等国就制定了民防法。此后，美国、挪威、法国、芬兰、苏联、瑞士等国相继颁布民防法，并不断修改完善。其中不少国家还根据民防法，制定了具体的民防法令和条例。如法国自1959年以来，陆续制定了《民事保护防务部队法》等40多个有关民防的法规；瑞典从国家到市政区都有一套比较完整的民防法规。按内容分，除民防法外，还有人员掩蔽、救护、训练等17种法规。各国的民防法及法规对民防的性质、体制、职责、权力以及各项民防建设内容要求都作了明确规定。如丹麦新民防法规定，所有年龄在16-65岁的丹麦男女国民，均有执行民防勤务的义务；新加坡《人力物力征召法》规定，民防可随时征调民防人员集合，对违反民防工作征召者，可判以徒刑；比利时民防法规定，各省市必须根据民防办事处及消防队需要，或按当地民防法规定，提供土地、场所、物资及必要的补给品作为民防之用。此外，有的国家还规定了不少有利于民防发展的具体措施，如规定修建城市地面建筑必须附设地下室，并规定了开发地下空间可享受优惠的政策等。</p><p>图片</p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_FqFijcPx6YXMl4pwyUp-sDMPvPQV.1614606583.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="1253" height="342" data-qf-origin="front2_0_FqFijcPx6YXMl4pwyUp-sDMPvPQV.1614606583.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p class="empty_paragraph"> </p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_FgvMVyc9EogAK25a2uibGDSmi3Gj.1614606583.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="628" height="581" data-qf-origin="front2_0_FgvMVyc9EogAK25a2uibGDSmi3Gj.1614606583.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>图片</p><p>强调民防建设长期化、经常化</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>二次大战结束后，不少国家曾以较快的速度建成了较完善的民防体系。如瑞士在60—70年代的10年间，修建了可供掩蔽400多万人的民防设施。但近几年来，许多国家认识到民防建设不是一朝一夕的事。只要战争、特别是核战争的威胁存在一天，民防建设就必须存在一天。因而，在方针上，各国普遍确定了长期经营的指导思想，既不搞突击，也不能断线，把民防建设纳入经济发展和国防建设的总体规划，使之成为一项长期的、经常性的任务。如瑞士为确保民防建设的长久不衰，制定了长达15年的发展规划，而美国也制定了7年计划等，以求对较长时间内民防的发展有一个基本设想，避免反复，防止浪费。</p><p> </p><p>图片</p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_Fm_7smcK-sbCbC1T6R4IZZzXcUvh.1614606595.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="620" height="347" data-qf-origin="front2_0_Fm_7smcK-sbCbC1T6R4IZZzXcUvh.1614606595.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p class="empty_paragraph"> </p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_Fh6r1nhG0Y_i8LXVQswwYDhykPf7.1614606595.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="598" height="330" data-qf-origin="front2_0_Fh6r1nhG0Y_i8LXVQswwYDhykPf7.1614606595.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>图片</p><p> </p><p>着力提高总体防护能力</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>战后各国的民防工程主要是随着核武器的发展而发展的，因而核防护一直是各国民防工程建设的重点。但新型武器系统的出现和发展也对民防工程提出了新的要求。有鉴于此，近年来，一些发达国家加强了民防工程对新型武器的防护准备，特别是对高技术常规武器的防护。同时，各国还着眼于提高救生效率，制定了应急疏散计划，建立完善的民防通信警报系统，加强民防专业队伍建设，大力开展民防教育训练和各种民防演练，以全面提高民防的综合防护能力。</p><p> </p><p>图片</p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_FstombIYmJnyGCGGhpOrt529UjJ1.1614606615.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="281" height="400" data-qf-origin="front2_0_FstombIYmJnyGCGGhpOrt529UjJ1.1614606615.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p class="empty_paragraph"> </p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_Franb3RfavBHDrFxmMyyI7aoLa0p.1614606615.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="630" height="634" data-qf-origin="front2_0_Franb3RfavBHDrFxmMyyI7aoLa0p.1614606615.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>图片</p><p> </p><p>实现民防工程的效益化、商业化</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>70年代以来，世界各国普遍减少了单纯为战时防护而修建的民防工程，强调平战结合，突出民防工程平时的经济效益。许多国家把地下掩蔽部用作地下商场、地下车库、地下娱乐场等，发挥了民防工程平时的效益。与此同时，各国民防坚持了民防发展与城市建设的一体化，把融民防和城市建设为一体，作为民防建设的重要指导思想。为此，首先按民防的要求规划和发展城市建设，把民防工程纳入城市发展的总体规划。如修建地下车间、地下粮库、地下发电站、地下停车场、地下旅馆等，既满足了民防的需要，又可适应城市的发展。</p><p> </p><p>图片</p><p class="empty_paragraph"> </p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_Fm_7smcK-sbCbC1T6R4IZZzXcUvh.1614606645.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="620" height="347" data-qf-origin="front2_0_Fm_7smcK-sbCbC1T6R4IZZzXcUvh.1614606645.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p class="empty_paragraph"> </p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_Fh6r1nhG0Y_i8LXVQswwYDhykPf7.1614606645.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="598" height="330" data-qf-origin="front2_0_Fh6r1nhG0Y_i8LXVQswwYDhykPf7.1614606645.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p> </p><p>图片</p><p> </p><p>坚持防空与防灾相结合</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>80年代以来，民防建设与城市防灾抗灾相结合，已成为各国民防发展的共同趋势。1979年，美国国防部民防准备局与其他4个机构合并，成立了联邦紧急应变管理局，负责民防战备建设和平时防灾抗灾工作。为了应付自然灾害和突发工业事故，前苏联民防部门积极参与抢险救灾工作。在世人震惊的切尔诺贝利核电站事故中，民防部门在处理灾害后果时做出了卓越贡献。德国政府则明确规定，民防任务范围不仅是对战时那些异常的灾害情况采取防卫措施，而且平时一旦出现极其严重的灾害，民防也将对此采取相应的救援措施。日本根据风灾、水灾、地震等自然灾害多的特点，在总理府设“中央防灾会议”，各地设有地方防灾组织，统管民防和防灾救灾工作，通过平时的防灾活动推动民防的基本建设。瑞典于1986年7月1日建立了新的民防权威机构“国家民防、救援与消防勤务局”，这个新机构继承了前“瑞典民防局”的职责，并受权承担有关救援勤务方面的其他职责。</p><p>图片</p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_FstombIYmJnyGCGGhpOrt529UjJ1.1614606689.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="281" height="400" data-qf-origin="front2_0_FstombIYmJnyGCGGhpOrt529UjJ1.1614606689.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p class="empty_paragraph"> </p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_Franb3RfavBHDrFxmMyyI7aoLa0p.1614606689.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="630" height="634" data-qf-origin="front2_0_Franb3RfavBHDrFxmMyyI7aoLa0p.1614606689.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p class="empty_paragraph"> </p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_FjSj77Yi1o2-gsfonOsqVegZRa5n.1614606689.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="627" height="578" data-qf-origin="front2_0_FjSj77Yi1o2-gsfonOsqVegZRa5n.1614606689.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p> </p><p>图片</p><p> </p><p>图片</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>一起来学习一些家庭急救知识</p><p> </p><p>1</p><p> </p><p class="empty_paragraph"> </p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_FkY8-wQCP92dAU_lh08nQtHx7lkH.1614606823.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="701" height="300" data-qf-origin="front2_0_FkY8-wQCP92dAU_lh08nQtHx7lkH.1614606823.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>酒精中毒的急救</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>轻度中毒者应让其喝些醋水（将食醋加入温开水）或吃些新鲜水果（如西瓜、萝卜等）。</p><p> </p><p>中度中毒者应喝些醋水或白开水，然后用手指等刺激咽部，将胃内食物吐出，减少体内对酒精的吸收。必要时洗胃。然后让其静卧，并要注意保暖。</p><p>重度中毒者要马上送医院治疗。要让中毒者侧卧或俯卧，以免呕吐物误入呼吸道。</p><p>图片</p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_FtgyzxxSw66VMKMtBVAAVBPLq1a2.1614606809.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="598" height="395" data-qf-origin="front2_0_FtgyzxxSw66VMKMtBVAAVBPLq1a2.1614606809.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p> </p><p>1</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>心脏骤停的应急措施</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>图片</p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_FotcD5AyzjA1Et9FtGIwyU2cOVfY.1614606803.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="598" height="637" data-qf-origin="front2_0_FotcD5AyzjA1Et9FtGIwyU2cOVfY.1614606803.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p> </p><p>1</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>如何正确包扎止血</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>突发事件中，出血是最常见的致死因素，迅速止血是挽救生命的关键。止血方法：直接压迫出血部位或用食指找到出血点靠近心脏方向的动脉血管，并把它压在邻近的骨头上，阻断血流。然后用创可贴或干净毛巾、纱布加压包扎止血。包扎止血要做到包扎准确、止血彻底。</p><p> </p><p>图片</p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_Fvh2HcE1vR0EvYZclFEA4H2CioR2.1614606792.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="700" height="3831" data-qf-origin="front2_0_Fvh2HcE1vR0EvYZclFEA4H2CioR2.1614606792.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>图片</p><p class="qf_image big noneditable" contenteditable="false"><img src="https://img.shanglushan.com/app/front2_0_Fj5CQCLAWJjdzaqnC87_qfyMPzfu.1614606782.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" alt="" width="501" height="300" data-qf-origin="front2_0_Fj5CQCLAWJjdzaqnC87_qfyMPzfu.1614606782.jpg?watermark/3/image/aHR0cDovL3BpYy5hcHAuc2hhbmdsdXNoYW4uY29tL2FkbWluX0ZyeUpxNm1ZVDZaczFFclpPN1A5c1B5SENMdkcucG5n/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/dx/10/dy/65/text/QOWwj-eHle-9nu-9nu-9ng==/fontsize/400/dissolve/70/gravity/SouthEast/fill/I2ZmZmZmZg==/font/5b6u6L2v6ZuF6buR/dx/10/dy/35" /></p><p> </p><p> </p><p>来源：国防人防宣传</p> <!----></div> 中国民防谢谢！又学习了！
长见识了。
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